Mining and Pollution. When iron sulfide minerals are exposed to the atmosphere and water, the water becomes acid and enriched in iron that eventually leaves yellow and reddish deposits in its wake. Other metal sulfides also react with the atmosphere and water to release toxic metals such as arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, and zinc.
Acid mine drainage is generally regarded as the principal environmental problem caused by the mining of sulphide ore deposits. Acid mine drainage results from the reaction of pyritic material with oxygen and water:...
Acid-mine drainage from sulfide-mineral oxidation usually discharges into streams, rivers, and lakes (Figure 1).The pH values of acid-mine drainage range from 1 to 4 although values as low as −3.5 have been measured (Nordstrom et al., 2000).The high concentrations of metals such as copper, chromium, zinc, lead, cadmium, mercury, manganese, iron, and …
The baric ore trap (P-trap) in the formation of sulfide ores in the section (a) and in the PT diagram (b). 1 – enclosing rocks of the lava strata of the Lower Triassic; 2 – rocks of a fully differentiated intrusive (a – taxite gabbro-dolerites, b – other rocks of intrusive); 3 – sedimentary rocks of the Tunguska series; 4 – fluid ...
From sulfide ores. Sulfide ores are crushed and ground in order to liberate nickel minerals from the waste materials by selective flotation. In this process, the ore is mixed with special reagents and agitated by mechanical and pneumatic devices that produce air bubbles. As these rise through the mixture, the sulfide particles adhere to their ...
The oxidation of gold and some sulfide minerals in solutions containing 5 mmol L − 1 cyanide and 50 mmol L − 1 sodium perchlorate as background electrolyte was studied using linear sweep voltammetry, and the polarization curves are shown in Fig. 1.It can be seen that gold oxidation commences at − 620 mV and approaches a diffusion …
In contrast, oxide ores consist of metal oxides – compounds in which a metal is combined with oxygen. These ores are often located closer to the surface and can be …
Acid mine drainage and potential arsenic release from the solid residues is a concern, particularly in the Partial oxidation scenario, ... but there could be clear benefits in direct leaching for partially refractory sulfide ores depending on the leaching conditions. The sensitivity analysis suggests that efficient oxygen dispersion in the ...
Production of Ni/Co from sulphide ores has its challenges that are fundamentally related to the mineralogy of this type of ores. 2.1 Mineralogy of Nickel-Copper Sulphide Ores. Studies on the geology and mineralogy of domestic nickel-copper sulphide ore deposits are reported in several sources in detail [16,17,18,19]. Although …
Cyanide-refractory ores constitute 30 % of the world's gold mineral resource base. With the global decrease in the availability of high-grade and free-milling ores, low-quality ores, including ...
Sulfur Mining. Sulfur attaches to metal ions, creating a number of significant sulfide ore minerals such as galena (lead sulfide), pyrite (iron sulfide), chalcocite (copper sulfide), …
Sulfide minerals are the key metal-bearing constituents of many of our most important ore deposit types. There is a wide range of ore deposit types because S is highly mobile in aqueous fluids and magmas. Various sulfide ore deposit types fall under the broad headings of magmatic, magmatic-hydrothermal, and hydrothermal ore deposits.
Ore is the rock from which the metal is extracted in a convenient and economical way. Ore has a composition that is definite. Metals that occur naturally in the earth's crust are called minerals. Minerals that can profitably be used to get the metal are called ores. Q2.
Antimony Metallurgy. Antimony metallurgy is the technology that extracts antimony metal from antimony ores or produces antimony compounds. Antimony was discovered in the ancient time, and its name was derived from antimonite. In 1604, a process was invented to extract antimony and antimony sulfide as described by B. …
At present, the copper grade of Zijinshan copper ore respectively fed to HBL and flotation plant is 0.15–0.25% and 0.25–0.45%. The analysis of a representative sample to HBL is shown in Table 1.The content of sulfur and iron in the ore is relatively high as 4.68% S and 3.06% Fe.
Alternative Lixiviants to Cyanide for Leaching Gold Ores. M.G. Aylmore, in Gold Ore Processing (Second Edition), 2016 5.1.1 Platsol™ Process. The Platsol™ process was originally developed in collaboration with the University of British Columbia, Kane Consultants Ltd., and Lakefield Research in Canada for the treatment of flotation sulfide …
Currently, the sulfide ore are the predominant raw materials for refining extract nickel metal 1,2,3. Unfortunately, the grades of sulfide ores are falling as the higher grade reserves are ...
Highlights. •. Lime plays a critical role in flotation by controlling pulp chemistry and collector adsorption. •. Lime is the most economical and commonly used reagent for pH control in flotation. •. Ca 2+ ions in lime can enhance depression of minerals and flotation selectivity in a variety of ores. •.
In the previous attempt by Puvvada and Murthy (2000), the maximum amount of gold recovery was reported to be 43% from sulfide ore through the chlorate medium. A later study by Hasab et al. investigated the low recovery of gold from sulfide ores. It was found that it can be related to the passivation of the gold particles due to the formation of ...
Sulphide ores are a major source of Cu, Ni and precious metals. A basic principle of the extraction processes is to blow air into the molten sulphide in order to oxidise (1) S, which forms a gas and (2) Fe, which forms predominantly FeO and then partitions to a slag phase which covers the matte. A key element in the recovery of the metals is ...
The occurrence of spontaneous oxidation and combustion of sulfide ores has been known and documented for centuries (Ninteman, 1978). Assessing the hazard likelihood is the first step to obtaining a valid risk assessment for management planning. This requires a reliable testing procedure, which measures the self-heating behaviour …
Mining and processing of sulfide ores generates large volumes of waste materials that can have severe and widespread impacts on water resources (España et al., 2005, ... Jambor (1994) observed a relative sequence for sulfide-mineral oxidation proceeding from the most reactive to most resistant phases. The relative resistance of …
The conversion of sulphide to oxide produces a mass loss coincident with the exothermic event. The temperature at which oxidation of metal sulphides commences varies considerably, as indicated in Table 2 [12,14-23]. Oxide coatings can be quite protective, and inhibit the diffusion of oxygen to the unreacted sulphide.
The new metal sulphide products are too reactive for thiol collector adsorption. ... presents the most economical and efficient enrichment method for ores in the mining sector. However, the ever increasing demand for metals and the depletion of high grade ores force the industry to process low quality ores hosting oxides and oxidised …
Mercury processing - Extraction, Refining, Recovery: The pyrometallurgical extraction of mercury from its ore is essentially a distillation process. When heat is applied to the sulfide ore in the presence of air, oxygen combines with the sulfur to form sulfur dioxide, and the metal is liberated at a temperature above its boiling point. The gases are then passed …
The nickel-copper sulphide ore used in this study was supplied by Trojan Nickel Mine located in Bindura, Zimbabwe. From the X-ray diffraction analysis, the main phases present in the ore were pentlandite (49.4%), pyrrhotite (41.2%) and quartz (4.6%), Fig.1. The ore which was supplied in lumpy form was subjected to crushing and grinding.
number of processes have been developed to leach sulphide ores and concentrates and the conditions are well established. However, there is a renewed interest in hydrometallurgical processes for copper production due to environmental issues and the increasing need to exploit mixed and low grade ores and re latively small isolated deposits.
An ore deposit is a mineral deposit that can be produced to make a profit. Thus, all ore deposits are mineral deposits, but the reverse is not true. Many factors control the profitability of an ore deposit. We call the amount of known ore in a deposit the reserves. The concentration of a commodity in the ore (the "richness" of the ore ...
sulfide mineral, any member of a group of compounds of sulfur with one or more metals. Most of the sulfides are simple structurally, exhibit high symmetry in their crystal forms, and have many of the properties of metals, including metallic lustre and electrical conductivity. They often are strikingly coloured and have a low hardness and a high ...
reactive and less affected by suUidJ~. minerals in complex ores; but, as with caustic cyanide, gold and silver extrac tion is usually low with complex sulfide gold-silver ores. A procedure to extract silver from sulfide ores with FeC13 was patented by Hey in 1922 (6). Considera ble work was completed by-Wong (7) to re
History of Sulphide ore flotation dates back to beginning of 20th century. Sulphide ores are major sources of base metals like Copper, Lead, Zinc, Nickel, Cobalt etc. Beneficiation of these base metal sulphide minerals is predominating through froth flotation technique. This technology has acclaimed importance as a versatile process for
What is Sulfide Mining? Metallic sulfide mining (aka hard rock mining) is the practice of extracting metals such as nickel, gold and copper from a sulfide-rich ore body. Sulfides …
Sulfur mining takes place in countries such as Poland, Russia, Ukraine, United States and Turkmenistan. Ijen, a quiet but active volcano in East Java, Indonesia …
When processing sulfide ores to extract copper, zinc or lead, the focus is on ensuring that the mill is always operating at full capacity. ... "In the majority of cases, we test ore samples from our customer's mine because we need to understand the behavior of the material under the sensors to develop a tailored solution for each project ...
Highlights. •. Lime plays a critical role in flotation by controlling pulp chemistry and collector adsorption. •. Lime is the most economical and commonly used reagent for …
Many important metals are present in nature combined with sulfur as metal sulfides; these include cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, molybdenum, nickel, silver, and zinc. In addition, …
Kinetic analysis of reactive metal-sulfide ore minerals. Fluorescence measurements quantifying H 2 O 2 + . OH production in an acellular system (phosphate buffered solution at a pH of 7.4) taken as a function of time for galena, arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite are represented. Material loading was at 10 m 2 /L.